Language and Ideology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Language and Ideology - Essay Example That is, language does not exist without ideology and ideology does not exist without language. Due to its artificiality, language and its application through narrative is vulnerable to manipulation that functions as a justification for the interests of certain power relations within society. Since both language and ideology are culturally embedded, all forms of linguistic representation must be understood as constructed and mediated. The aim of the critic becomes the deconstruction of the form and content of social expression that is constituted through the dynamic inter-relation of language and the ideas that it supports and perpetuates. To understand its relation to ideology, we must first examine how language is formulated from a material perspective. According to Ferdinand de Saussure's seminal analysis of the structure of words and their associated meanings, the former is never a transparent indicator of the latter. In his Course in General Linguistics, Saussure maintained that language should be divided into two components: "langue," referring to the entire body of a language, and "parole," referring to a specific utterance or individual act of speech within a language. The latter can only be comprehended within the larger system of the former. That is, the meaning of words or "signs" is derived from their relation to one another within a cumulative structure or system of signification.1 To illustrate this principle, Saussure drew a clearly discernable distinction between the "signifier," or word, and the "signified," or that to which the word refers or claims to represent. For example, the word "tree" is only indicative of the external, material object of a tree insofar as we believe and regard it to be. The word "tree" can just as easily be applied to other external, material objects. In this way, the formation of words and their meanings is an entirely artificial, constructed, and enclosed relation.2 Saussure's analysis of language instigated a radical rethinking of our understanding of subjectivity, culture, and power. Since the linguistic system of "signs," or "semiotics," is a product not of a natural relation between signifier and signified but of the human mind generating and organizing signs into meaning, Saussure concluded that the methodical study of languages would lead to new discoveries about human nature on both the individual and the collective level. Amongst the most influential thinkers to further this conclusion was the structural anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss. In his 1958 work, Structural Anthropology, Levi-Strauss introduced structuralism as "the systematic attempt to uncover deep universal mental structures as these manifest themselves in kinship and larger social structures, in literature, philosophy and mathematics, and in the unconscious psychological patterns that motivate human behaviour"3 This project is an extension of Saussure's proposed science of semiology. As Saussure wrote, "Linguistics is only one branch of this general science. The laws which semiology will discover will be laws applicable to linguistics, and the linguistics will thus be assigned to a clearly defined place in the field of human knowledge."4 Applying Saussure's understanding of linguistic systems to other domains of social inquiry, such as methods of economic exchange, kinship, food, and myths, Levi-Strauss viewed

EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT AND LABOR ACT Assignment

EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT AND LABOR ACT - Assignment Example The Medical Screening examination should be readily available when requested or needed for examination or treatment in case of an emergency condition. The section, 1867, also required that the Medicare-participating hospitals to also offer active labour efficiently and not considering the payment capabilities of the patients. The Section also requested that a hospital should provide appropriate and correct emergency medical treatment and stabilize the condition to a patient if found to have an emergency condition. In a situation where the hospitals physician finds out that the patients condition is quite unstable, it recommend for a transfer if and only if there is a guarantee that the transfer helps stabilize the state. Hospitals can accept requests for transfer of patient if they have specialized facilities to cater for the unstable conditions. Some of the specialized services that and hospital should have so as to accept the requests include; burn units. In hospitals, EMTALA functions and responsibilities are usually incorporated in the Medicare provider agreement. According to the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), all hospitals should meet all the provisions EMTALA.In addition: offer screening examination, give appropriate and accept transfers and necessary stabilizing facilities, keep the ir patients informed and updated on their rights to testing and treatment. Moreover, EMATLA also requires hospitals to keep proper records of patients’ transfers, and report any transfers that it considers as appropriate. If a hospital does not meet all the requirements of EMATALA, it is immediately terminated on the basis that it has violated and breached the agreement. The responsibilities of EMATALA involve all the Medicare specialists and the hospitals’ emergency department staff. Hospitals are expected to keep a record of all the on-call physicians who can complete the medical screening exams. The Medicare agreement also requires that hospitals